Can Productivity Keep Driving the U.S. Economy?

Productivity of U.S. workers increased by 2.7% in 2023 — well above the average annual rate of 2.1% since the end of World War II, and a dramatic change from 2022, when productivity dropped by 2.0%. It’s also a big improvement over the 0.9% growth rate in 2021.1



According to the nonpartisan Congressional Research Service, “Productivity growth is a primary driver of long-term economic growth and improvements in living standards.”2 On a more immediate level, the productivity surge in 2023 may help explain why the U.S. economy was able to grow at a strong pace while inflation dropped.

Doing more with less

Broadly, productivity is the ratio of output to inputs. A productivity increase means that output increases faster than inputs, essentially producing more with less.

The most commonly cited productivity measure for the U.S. economy is labor productivity for the nonfarm business sector (the data cited in the first paragraph of this report). In simple terms, this is the value of goods and services produced per hour of labor. The nonfarm business sector comprises most U.S. business activity excluding farms, general government, and nonprofits.

Boosting GDP while fighting inflation

The 2.7% increase in 2023 means that, on average, 2.7% more value was created for each hour of labor. This helps boost gross domestic product (GDP), while also helping to control inflation by holding back the wage-price spiral, which can push inflation out of control. In a tight employment market, as we have had for some time, a shortage of workers can force businesses to offer higher wages, which they pass on to consumers as higher prices. Because consumers are then earning more at their jobs, they demand more goods and services and are willing to pay higher prices, which pushes businesses to hire more workers at higher wages, continuing the cycle. Increased productivity allows business to keep prices lower even as they pay workers more. This seems to have occurred in 2023, with average hourly wages rising by 4.3%, while inflation dropped to 3.4% — the first time since the pandemic that wages increased faster than inflation.3

Compensating for demographics

Increasing productivity is especially important for the U.S. economy because of lower birth rates, the aging of the population, and more young people staying in school. The labor force participation rate, which measures the percentage of people age 16 and older who are working or looking for work, peaked in early 2000 and has trended downward since then.4 Higher productivity enables a smaller workforce to drive economic growth on a level that would require a larger workforce without productivity gains.


Innovation, Education & Technology

Using an index to allow comparison over time, the productivity of the U.S. workforce increased by almost 500% from 1947 to 2023, driven by new processes, widespread education, and technological advancements.

Nonfarm business labor productivity

Nonfarm business labor productivity: 2017 = 100. 1947 = 23.036. 2023 = 111.758


Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024 (Q4 data)


Why is productivity increasing and can it be sustained?

Increases in labor productivity are typically driven by improved tools and technology, more efficient processes and organizations, and increased worker experience, education, and training. The proliferation of computers in the workplace spurred a productivity surge in the 1990s, and some analysts point to artificial intelligence (AI) as contributing to the 2023 increase. It’s possible that AI has already improved some businesses, but any large-scale impact may take years, as businesses integrate AI through worker training and new processes. As this unfolds, AI could help drive a long-term productivity surge.

A more immediate explanation for the current increase may be adjustment and experience with the hybrid work model. A recent survey found that 43% of remote workers felt working from home makes them more productive, while only 14% believed it makes them less productive. (Another 43% said it makes no difference.)5 The ideal situation would allow employees to work in the most productive environment. Three years after the pandemic, businesses may be improving that balance, and it’s possible that further developments in hybrid work could continue to drive productivity gains for some time.

New businesses can spur productivity through innovation, filling specialized niches, and producing specific goods or services more efficiently. New business applications surged during and after the pandemic, with more than 20 million from 2020 to 2023. Only about 10% of applications turn into businesses, but some new enterprises may already be making a difference, and the surge of entrepreneurship bodes well for future productivity.6

A less positive factor may be that some companies laid off employees and made other changes in 2023 in anticipation of a recession that never materialized. Layoffs typically target the least productive employees, and remaining employees may increase their productivity to maintain production levels. While this “lean” model is not always sustainable, it can boost productivity in the short term, and technology and more efficient processes may enable some businesses to stay lean.

Volatile data

Measuring productivity is difficult, especially in service industries, which now comprise the largest sector of U.S. economic activity. For this reason, productivity data can be volatile and often changes with revision. (The 2.7% Q4 data is preliminary.) Even so, the surge in 2023 seems solid, and enhancements such as artificial intelligence, hybrid work, and new business innovation could usher in a sustained period of productivity growth. The Bureau of Labor Statistics releases productivity data quarterly, with Q1 2024 data coming in May. You might keep an eye out for a continuing trend.

Solon Financial Group
6200 SOM Center Rd. B21 Solon, OH 44139
Phone: (440) 519-1838, (866) 517-7302 Fax: (440) 519-1878

Securities and advisory services offered through Cetera Advisors LLC, member FINRA, SIPC. Cetera is under separate ownership from any other named entity.

6200 SOM Center Rd, B21, Solon, OH 44139

Securities and advisory services offered through Registered Representatives of Cetera Advisors LLC (doing insurance business in CA as CFGA Insurance Agency LLC), member FINRA/SIPC, a broker/dealer and a Registered Investment Advisor.  Cetera is under separate ownership from any other named entity.

Individuals affiliated with this broker/dealer firm are either Registered Representatives who offer only brokerage services and receive transaction-based compensation (commissions), Investment Adviser Representatives who offer only investment advisory services and receive fees based on assets, or both Registered Representatives and Investment Adviser Representatives, who can offer both types of services.

This site is published for residents of the United States only. Registered Representatives of Cetera Advisors LLC may only conduct business with residents of the states and/or jurisdictions in which they are properly registered. Not all of the products and services referenced on this site may be available in every state and through every advisor listed. For additional information please contact the advisor(s) listed on the site, visit the Cetera Advisors LLC site at www.ceteraadvisors.com

 

The registered representative(s) and/or investment adviser representative(s) listed on this website are licensed and registered in the following states:

We are licensed to sell Insurance Products in OH,PA.

[ Online Privacy Policy | Important Disclosures and Form CRS | Business Continuity | Privacy Promise | Order Routing Disclosure | Cetera Advisors ]